Keywords
analogue platform
institutional adaptation
antifragility
network organizations
disintermediation
How to Cite
Abstract
The article examines the resilience of Russian outbound tourism, which retains a high degree of adaptability under conditions of chronic uncertainty, weak formal institutions, and the absence of a long-term state support strategy. The organisational evolution of the industry is analysed as a sequential selection of forms, in the course of which the practices of rapid turnover and informal guarantee provision characteristic of the 1990s were institutionalised by network structures defined here as an analogue platform. Functioning as a horizontal aggregator, this hybrid construction converts the deficits of the institutional environment – including distrust, instability, and asset scarcity – into sources of competitive advantage associated with risk management, the speed of product reconfiguration, and the flexibility of partnership ties. For empirical verification, the trajectories of aggregate and organised outbound flows over 2019–2024 were compared: while aggregate outbound travel recovered to only 61 % of its pre-crisis level, the organised travel segment secured an increase in the share of tour operator intermediation from 25 % to 30–31 %. This dynamic is given a twofold interpretation – as a reversal of the long-standing trend towards the exclusion of tour operator intermediation, and as a demonstration of the platform effect. Separate consideration is given to the role of the state, whose policy of reactive oversight (the introduction of the “Electronic Travel Voucher” system) channelled established industry practices while leaving the sector’s architecture unchanged. The concluding section addresses the competitiveness of the model under permanent turbulence and its fundamental limitations stemming from the inalienability of its key assets.
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